Hiv Is A Member Of The Retroviridae ( Retrovirus ) Family

HIV is a member of the Retroviridae (retrovirus) family, its genus: Lentivirus. HIV is an icosahedral, enveloped virus, its size ranging from approximately 100 to 110 nm in diameter. HIV contains a single stranded, linear, positive sense RNA genome. There are two recognized strains: HIV-1 and HIV-2. Retroviral RNA is converted to DNA by a virally encoded reverse transcriptase enzyme, the DNA transcript is integrated into the host’s chromosomal DNA upon entry of the host cell. Human immunodeficiency virus also known as HIV can infect many cell types such as lymphocytes, macrophages, microglia in the brain and other neurological cells. This later results in asthenia, dementia and damage to the peripheral nervous system. The HIV†¦show more content†¦Anal intercourse in homosexual males as well as intercourse between couples composed of a male and female, are the most common ways to contract the HIV virus. Babies are commonly infected invitro, from an infected mother. Help remains for those infected by the deadly pathogen that is called HIV, but there is still no cure. Many people in the medical field believe that only 54% those infected, are aware that they are infected, that leaves 46% in the dark. It is estimated that 1.6 million people died as a result of this virus in 2012. The scariest part about HIV and how it is spread is the knowledge that not everyone has been tested yet. HIV can only be diagnosed with certain tests. These experiments in particular, determine whether an individuals’ immune system has produced an HIV specific immune response. The Indirect binding assay and antibody capture assay, as well as the double antigen sandwich, ELISA, immunofluorescence, Western blotting, line immune assays, PCR and viral isolation tests all can determine the presence of HIV. Fatigue is the number one symptom of HIV. The symptoms of acute infection are commonly â€Å"flu-like† such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, infections, pneumonia, hepatosplenomegaly, weight loss, and neurological symptoms. Attacking the immune system is the method that this virus uses to kill. Attempting to hinder, block or just slow down this process is currently the only method of defenseShow MoreRelatedHIV/AIDS: The Structure and Morphology of Infectious Agent1508 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿HIV/AIDS Introduction HIV remains a world epidemic for all governments, whether super powers or developing nations. It infects and affects all people, generations, age, religion and any other division that exists (CAPAC Recognizes APIA HIV/AIDS Awareness Day 13). The Human Immunodeficiency Virus results into AIDS once fully developed. It currently affects millions of people in the United States, with new infections occurring everyday despite the several measures of sensitization and preventionRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )5790 Words   |  24 PagesHIV The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen,Read MoreHiv Introduction10077 Words   |  41 PagesHIV From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search AIDS virus redirects here. For the computer virus, see AIDS (computer virus). For the village, see Hiv (village). For the administrative subdivision, see Hiv Rural District. HIV Classification and external resources Diagram of HIV ICD-10 B20-B24 ICD-9 042-044 OMIM 609423 MedlinePlus 000602 eMedicine article/783434 MeSH D006678 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a member of the retrovirus family) that

Medical Bills And Prescriptions Are At An Extreme High And...

Medical bills and prescriptions are at an extreme high and health care is suppose to help people receive the care they need without them having to pay out of pocket for every thing. The history of health care spans back to the early 18th century, but remains a complex and arguable issue that is still debatable today. Historically, health care has been around from quite sometime now. According to Karen S. Palmer from the PNHP (Physicians for a National Health Program) the American Association of Labor Legislation in 1906 is actually was led to the campaign for health insurance, the costs at the time were to be shared amongst the workers employers and the state. (1999) Times during the Progressive era sparked changes in health care economics. A health care crisis timeline from PBS goes more into detail about how starting after World War I, â€Å"American hospitals are now modern scientific institutions, valuing antiseptics and cleanliness, and using medications for the relief of pain.† Health was taken more seriously after the war because so much had changed and American were more forward with newer technology. (PBS) PBS’s timeline also says around World War II workers argued with employers about wages so companies began to offer health benefits to keep up with competition. (PBS) T his health care system has become a mandatory system still used today to offer to employees working within large companies. However , PBS also says that in the 2000’s healthcare costs started toShow MoreRelatedEssay on U.S. Health Care Timeline921 Words   |  4 PagesMost American receives their health coverage through the private insurance market, usually through their jobs. Many people buy insurance on their own in the individual market. Since coverage from private companies is the largest surge of insurance for Americans it is likely to be a central part of federal and state health reform efforts. Private health coverage is a mechanism for people to protect themselves from the potentially extreme financial costs of medical care if they become severely ill,Read MoreEssay on The War on Pharmaceutical Companies1171 Words   |  5 Pageshas become a battle to earn a high paying job to cope with the expenses of a typical American. It has become even more of a battle for som e people to afford medical prescriptions to keep healthy. Health becomes a crucial issue when discussed among people. No matter what, at one point or another, everyone is going to stand as a victim of the pharmaceutical industry. The bottom line is Americans are paying excessive amounts of money for medical prescriptions. Health-Care spending in the U.S. rose a stunningRead MoreThe Robert Courtney Case685 Words   |  3 PagesRunning Head: RARE AND INHUMAN I. Health care is a cooperative endeavor between patients and health care professionals. These professionals are obliged to observe high professional standards in the care of patients (AHA, 2012). They are also bound by the obligation to exercise open communication. The very first in the Patients Bill of Rights is the patients right to considerate and respectful care (AHA). A pharmacist is a healthcare professional who has an enormous responsibility in dispensingRead MoreDrug Abuse1622 Words   |  7 Pageschildren in the adoption system, etc.. According to drug abuse.gov, an estimated 271.5 million dollars are used overall in the year 2010 towards illicit drugs and prescription opioids. This epidemic is taking a toll on our younger generations because they are available for most anyone. This trend is common in high schoolers and youth for a â€Å"high† and they can be bought at school, a ban on drugs has an increase in more serious crimes, dirty doctors play a huge roll in the illegal sell statistics, moneyRead MoreDrug Testing for TANF Recipients1020 Words   |  4 Pageshomelessness, and lost wages that causes deaths and other serious economic and social consequences (Hunter). The crimes include stealing, drug trafficking, murder, robbery, domestic violence, breaking and entering, child abuse and neglect, and assault. Health care problems, such as overdoses, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, and tuberculosis, are often results of substance abuse. Requiring drug testing of TANF recipients who are at risk for drug abuse is a step in the right direction to help addicts overcome addictionRead MoreDefinition of Health Insurance887 Words   |  4 PagesDefinition Health insurance is insurance against the risk of incurring health care related expenses. It indemnifies the insured for the related financial loss. It is important to note that health insurance is a form of short term insurance. Disability, critical illness and long-term care insurance are all subclasses of health insurance. When an individual buys health insurance, he/she enters into a contract (policy) with the insurance company so that for a monthly premium, the insurance companyRead MoreGermanys Universal Insurance Structure1285 Words   |  6 PagesGermany’s universal insurance structure is modeled after a welfare system where everyone pays into the system. Coverage includes dental care, drugs, cash for glasses, and grants for young moms. Germans pay into the system just like most countries and whenever someone becomes ill or has an accident, they receive money. While Germany offers compulsory insurance to its citizens, people are free to buy their insurance from private â€Å"sickness finds†. These sickness funds are nonprofit and cannot deny anyRead MoreEssay On Health Care1679 Words   |  7 Pageswithin our current system. The key here is that we need to broaden our mindset when it comes to the healthcare system in America. The underlying assumption to this piece is that every Am erican is entitled to, at the very least, an essential level of health care. Despite my youthfulness, I have a lot of first-hand knowledge of the ins and out of the current American healthcare industry since I was born with Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome among many other issues. Internally, my nerves looked like a bowlRead MoreOrganizational Systems and Leadership Task 3 Essay examples1951 Words   |  8 Pages Great Britain uses a government run National Health Service (NHS), which seems too close to socialism for most Americans. For about half of what the U.S. pays per person for healthcare, the NHS covers all U.K. citizens and has better health statistics. (Palfreman, Reid, 2008). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the total expenditure on health per capita is $3,311 in the U.K., whereas in the U.S., the total expenditure on health per capita is $9,146. (WHO, n.d.). In the U.K.Read MorePlanned Parenthood - Argumentative Essay1253 Words   |  6 Pageswill struggle to receive the medical attention they need if the federal government stops funding to Planned Parenthood. Every year 363 million dollars goes into the funding â€Å"pot† collectively at Planned Parenthood’s nationwide (Clark 5). This money is used predominantly by women; for six in ten women, Planned Parenthood acts as their main source of health care (Clark 4). Many individuals with low incomes depend on these clinics to maintain or help better their health. Recently, the federal government

Australian Studies National Identities

Question: Discuss about theAustralian Studiesfor National Identities. Answer: Introduction The new way to organize individuals and authority are reasonably donewith the help of nations. The idea of nation that emerged during the early nineteenth century mostly referred to a group of individuals who had a shared ethnicity, language as well as culture. It can be viewed that the individuals of the nineteenth century understood Australia as a diverse notion (Guibernau 2013). Summary of National Identities Every person will relate themselves in terms of multiple identities that include their gender, age, class, sexual preference as well as ethnic heritage. It is difficult to believe that an individual identity will be able to describe an entire nation with given multiple nature of individual identity. National identities are not considered as truths that reflect the overall experience of the citizenry. Summary of Exclusion The exclusion of particular ideas as well as individuals from national stories is not an inopportune consequence that results from the natural restriction of dealing with such a huge concept as the nation. Exclusion is intrinsically generated into the idea of the nation. Summary of Never Ending Stories The perception of Australia as an anticipated community does not propose that the Australian nation exists only as an anticipated concept. Imaginary unit as a production is considered as a continual procedure. Summary of Other Stories It is not easy to maintain the story related to national unity. The story mostly suggests that the Australian nation that originated with British immigration did no spiritual or physical harm to the Indigenous individuals. There are diverse phantasms of diverse nation. Summary of the Sydney Olympics Some of the major aspects related to the Australian nation can be illustrated with the help of the staging of the Sydney 2000 Olympics. The advantage that is received by the host nation of an Olympics is that there is a chance to make use of the astonishing global television audience. The imperative issues related to national identity were disclosed by the staging of the Olympic Games. The opening ceremony of the Olympics told an in-common story to the Australian spectators (Bauman, Bellew and Craig 2014). Summary of National Phantasm Various indigenous individuals are represented in the Opening Ceremony of the Olympics. As the story of nation unfolded, it has been noted that indigenous individuals disappeared from the opening ceremony of the Olympics. Except for Djakapurra and Munyarryun, the indigenous people were invisible (Anderson 2013). Summary of Women Women mostly belonged to that group of people in Australia whose stories were marginalized in the Opening ceremony. Young Australia was mostly represented by a young girl. Conclusion It can be concluded that exclusion is intrinsically generated into the idea of the nation. The challenges that were mounted by women were adequate to represent Australia only in those fields in which men could do. References Anderson, C.W., 2013.From Petition to Confrontation: The Palestinian National Movement and the Rise of Mass Politics, 1929-1939(Doctoral dissertation, New York University). Bauman, A., Bellew, B. and Craig, C.L., 2014. Did the 2000 Sydney Olympics increase physical activity among adult Australians?.British journal of sports medicine, pp.bjsports-2013. Guibernau, M., 2013.Nationalisms: The nation-state and nationalism in the twentieth century. John Wiley Sons.

Positive Environments free essay sample

Harry Requirements that underpin a positive environment. Explain how a positive environment and routine meet the needs of children and their families? All practitioners should ensure they provide a safe, secure environment for children. A positive environment must mean you cater for the child as a whole meaning their Physical, social, emotional and intellectual development. The EYFS explains that along with caring for a child’s personal development, and helping them build relationships with others a positive environment is also key in a child’s development. By creating a positive environment, you are enabling a child to flourish and reach their full potential in all aspects of development. It is important to create a setting that ensures all children are included and feel equal within a setting good partnership with parents is paramount to ensure the child is getting the best possible care. The EYFS explains how a positive environment interconnects with a child’s whole development. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Environments or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some key points that are covered in the EYFS to create a positive environment and a good relationship with the parents and children are; *Welcome parents and involve them in their children’s education. *Warm, relaxed, happy, friendly and welcoming environment and staff. *Staff should work effectively as a good team. *Positive behaviour – staff should always be positive and good role models e. g. no shouting, manners, no violence, etc. *Lots of colour and activity, children seeing their work displayed up on the wall will encourage achievements, helping to develop and promote creativity and self-esteem. *The environment should be safe, hygienic and child friendly. *Well ventilated, with natural light and to always be bright and lovely looking. *Useful resources to reinforce their needs such as stepping blocks to toilets and sinks for washing hands. *Celebrating diversity and valuing the children’s individual needs, and be free from discrimination of any kind. *Equal opportunities. *Children should be stimulated, through both activities and their surroundings. *Staff members should work effectively as a team. *All staff should be well trained and continuously updated about policies and procedures. Recognisable and predictable routines help children to predict and make connections in their experiences. EYFS mentions routines across the section on Personal, Social and Emotional Development. As you might expect, it advocates a predictable but flexible pattern to daily life in your setting as being the best way to support babies and young children. The Childcare Act 2006 helps underpin a positive environment because; it offers simplified Early years regulations and inspection arrangements. It now provides a new inspection framework of care quality and education that provides that settings meet the needs of all children concerned and cater for them all individually. By providing a high quality of standard of care – practitioners are also providing the best positive environment for children to develop and flourish. Parents are also reassured the people caring for their children are trained to the highest standard creating positive relationships with practitioners. Health and safety Act 1974: This Act also referred to as HASAW is the primary piece of legislation that covers occupational health and safety in the UK. The Act covers: Buildings and services and their design and maintenance. Cleanliness of a premises and areas where food is prepared. Safe storage of food and equipment. Working practices that promote safety. Provision of a safety policy. The Health and Safety Act underpins a positive environment because it sets out legislation to ensure children’s safety is paramount. It minimises the risk of potential accidents whilst allowing children to develop skills to keep themselves safe. Toys must meet regulatory requirements this creates a positive atmosphere not only in terms of safety but ensures that children maintain positive behaviour, by not getting frustrated with toys that may be broken. Risk assessment is very important when creating a postitive environment it ensures any potential safety issues are addressed before a  child commences in play and ensures a better atmosphere for the children in turn creating a trustworthy environment for parents to leave their children. Keeping the environment secure / at the right temperature and hygienic also promotes a positive environment for the health of the children. Kitchen hygiene is of upmost importance the act states that dangerous substances be stored safel y away from children, and that food must be prepared in a certain way refer to food handling (use of gloves, aprons, clean cutlery to avoid cross contamination) Care Standards Act: This is an act in place to establish National Care Standards these are in place for anyone that receives care eg, Pre-school’s , nurseries, after school clubs, children in care, and Adults in care homes. These are national minimum standards that every care provider must adhere to and are inspected on regularly. Providers will use the standards to find out what is expected of them in offering childcare and early education services. The standards make it clear that everything about the service should lead to you and your child enjoying good quality services. They should guide the provider over who to employ and how they should manage the service. These national care standards provide the framework for assessing the service as a whole. The standards will be used to monitor the quality of services and their compliance with the Act and the regulations. Behaviour Policy: The setting has a behaviour policy in place to ensure children flourish; this is best done when their personal, social and emotional needs are met. It is important that are clear ‘developmentally appropriate expectations’ for their behaviour. In order for an environment to remain the positive, children need to learn to consider other children’s feelings, and views – to ensure nobody feels excluded, and the environment is a happy and safe one. Bad behaviour is dealt with in a positive way – and positive strategies are taken to ensure solutions are found to overcome it. Wherever possible, support and understanding is used to help a child acknowledge their bad behaviour and to help them understand why they behaved a certain way. It is vital not to exclude a child or label them as ‘bad’ as  this can lead to them feeling humiliated, and having a negative sense of self. Having a varied amount of toys prevents arguments / a negative atmosphere, as does using positive praise to award good behaviour. Speaking in a calm way – will encourage children to do the same. Following the same strategies when a child misbehaves, will ensure they are aware of what behaviour is acceptable and what wil l happen in this instance. To conclude, Supporting, and helping children to understand their actions of bad behaviour will help them to channel their feelings in a more positive way. It is important that strategies are in place to reward good behaviour, and equally there be provisions in place to aid those with learning difficulties / language barriers etc. , to understand what behaviour is expected of you. When Behaviour can become hurtful toward others it is vital to maintain a healthy relationship with the parents of the child. There may be underlying issues that trigger bad behaviour – and working with parents can ensure the best possible care for the child, and also reassure parents that you are working in partnership with them.